5/8/2023 0 Comments Zend studio 11 license keyHard Disk Space: 1 GB of free space required.Compatibility Architecture: 32 Bit (x86) / 64 Bit (圆4)īefore you start Zend Studio free download, make sure your PC meets minimum system requirements.Setup Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup.Includes customizable code formatter and refactoring capabilities.All the components of the project are displayed in tree-view so you can easily navigate between application code, documents, libraries or JavaScript resources.The IDE supports the latest technologies like Zend framework or Eclipse Platform.Got loads of different features and it lets you create new PHP project or open an existing one.Got an interface which is organized in panes which will make it very easy to use.Impressive code editing and debugging application that provides programmers with comprehensive facilities for enhancing the process of development process.An impressive PHP integrated development environment that has been developed to ease the work of PHP developers.All in all Zend Studio is an imposing PHP integrated development environment which eases the work of PHP developers.īelow are some noticeable features which you’ll experience after Zend Studio free download. You can also configure your project by selecting the desired builders, code style and template. Zend Studio includes customizable code formatter and refactoring capabilities. All the components of the project are displayed in tree-view so you can easily navigate between application code, documents, libraries or JavaScript resources. The IDE supports the latest technologies like Zend framework or Eclipse Platform. It has got loads of different features and it lets you create new PHP project or open an existing one. Zend Studio Crack has got an interface which is organized in panes which will make it very easy to use. This program is impressive code editing and debugging application that provides programmers with comprehensive facilities for enhancing the process of development process. It provides support for the newest scripting concepts in PHP 7, such as Return Type Declarations, Anonymous Classes, the Spaceship Operator, Group Use Declarations, Scalar Type Hints, and more.Zend Studio 13.6.1 Crack is an impressive PHP integrated development environment that has been developed to ease the work of PHP developers. Zend Studio 13 ships with the most complete PHP 7 support to date.
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5/8/2023 0 Comments Simpleplanes island mapThe trajectory of where the projectile will land is always shown.Ĭannon is most commonly used to make the main gun of armored vehicles and to a lesser extent, the armaments of Ground Attack Aircrafts. Tracer spacing can be set to All Tracers, 1-100 or No Tracers. Map of all the islands: Map of the main island. You will need to zoom in your web browser. Minimum firing delay can be modified from 0.1s to 5.0s.īase and barrel length can be set from 50% to 250%.īarrel recoil can be set from 0% to 100%. Here are a few maps that may point you in the right direction. Projectile velocity can be changed 164ft/s to 1,250ft/s.Īmmo count can be modified from 10 to 1,000. Target can be set to Air, Ground or Multi-role. Projectile style can be set to either Slug or Sphere. Projectile type can be set to either Basic (does not explode on contact) or Explosive (explode on contact). I opened up Photoshop and aligned them the best I could (You can see a seam line through the middle of the island).Cannon is a customizable cannon. Soggy Isles is a large collection of very low-lying islands and tidal flats located to the west of the Main(southern) Runway in SimplePlanes. Then due to some color differences just went ahead and fixed that (Simple to do, too complicated to explain). SimplePlanes supports USB gamepads/joysticks, and provides in-game input mapping for each control surface, as well as throttle, brakes, landing gear, pausing. Large islands appear to also have many discoverable locations around them as well, like airports, carriers, or landmarks. Added island runway at its relative location. After taking off in Simpleplanes and flying around over the ocean for a while, Ive found a lots of tiny islands all over the place, and a few really big ones that unlock new spawn locations once found. Share your creations - and download other. Build planes by snapping parts together, engage in epic dogfights in the sky above, and experiment with tons of unique parts. SimplePlanes is a physics simulation game featured on Android, iOS, and Steam. Ammo count can be modified from 10 to 1,000. Projectile velocity can be changed 164ft/s to 1,250ft/s. It is completely untouched and undeveloped wetlands, criss-crossed with numerous creeks and channels along with ponds. If you're not in the mood for building, over 100,000 airplanes are available to download for free. NA Projectile type can be set to either Basic (does not explode on contact) or Explosive (explode on contact). Thanks to the best realistic graphics, smooth gameplay and. YOu can play this amazing flight game online and for free. Take flight as you leave the airport, here at, and steer your way towards your destination. Some of the waterways are passable however, there are many shoals and shallows lurking beneath the surface. Airplane Simulator is a plane game in which you pilot an airplane through a 3D environment, without trying to crash it. Shallow-draft vessels are recommended in these waterways. Download SimplePlanes for macOS 10.13.0 or later and enjoy it on your Mac. Soggy Isles introduces a new type of terrain to the game world, standing apart from the highlands, mountains, and deepwater passages of the original islands. can add windows to the cockpit and have more AI bots around the stock map. It presents new challenges that the original terrains cannot offer, and I hope you all enjoy it. This is not the first mod I have made for SimplePlanes, but it is the first one that had a theme and was really meant to be released to the public, instead of being a test/proof-of-concept I threw together. In this video, youll find how to find all islands in SimplePlanes. One known bug is that it displays the name TestMod ingame, because I used the same project for this as the testmod island before, and apparently the alpha mod exporter doesn't support name changes. 5/8/2023 0 Comments Crumb bakeryI’m over the moon to share my vegan & gluten-free creations with anyone and everyone those who have dietary restrictions and even those who don’t (it really is hard to taste the difference). Our decorated sugar cookies are handmade for any event including weddings, baby showers, birthdays, and holidays. What started in 2019 as a hobby for my family and friends has turned into a full-fledged business. Born and raised in Clarence, I’ve loved baking my whole life. I spent many sleepless nights trying to figure out how I could combine my love for baking, health and people which is when Candid Crumb came to life. The Cookie Crumb Bakery is a certified bakery servicing the Western New York area. I was determined to make the yummiest alternatives that my body and taste buds could both love. That is when my love for baking truly took shape. Having a huge sweet tooth, I wasn’t sure how I would live without my favorite treats. One of those steps being to cut gluten and processed dairy from my diet. We offer a comfortable space to not only enjoy fresh baked goods but to gather with friends and family in a clean and uplifting environment. Petersburg the first artisanal bakery and cafe of its kind. After many hours upon days upon years of research, I have learned pretty much everything there is to know about how I can help my symptoms naturally. The Crumb Factory Bakery & Cafe opened its doors in the Fall of 2021 to provide the city of St. I honestly didn’t know what a thyroid was and had no idea what it did for my body before my diagnosis but I am not one to give up that easily. In 2016, after shedding many tears and clumps of hair, I was diagnosed with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis - an autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid. The bakery also specializes in custom cakes, cheesecakes, puddings and desserts such as salted caramel pudding with candied pecans, peanut butter banana cake (peanut butter mousse, chocolate cake, banana jam, all covered in chocolate glaze and candied pecans) or yuzu passion fruit cake (passion fruit mousse, yuzu curd, vanilla cake and cocoa velvet) and takes orders for a variety of layered custom cakes (vegan and gluten-free options available).I’m Brianna, Bri for short, the founder and owner of Candid Crumb Bakery. CRUST & CRUMB BAKERY LTD - Free company information from Companies House including registered office address, filing history, accounts, annual return. For those with a sweet tooth selections include apple pie Danish, hazelnut pain au chocolat, coconut Keto muffins, vegan chocolate banana muffins, butterscotch bars and gluten-free chocolate chip cookies. DID SOMEONE SAY COOKIE Explore our Instagram. Once your order is placed, we will contact you with a date for pick up. We are a MADE-TO-ORDER ONLY online bakery. Savory items include goat cheese and herb scones and savory breakfast items such as ham and cheese croissants, or smoked salmon with creme fraiche, cucumbers, and pickled onions on brioche. Home Cake Jars Cookie Butter Cake Jar Red Velvet Cake Jar Baileys Cake Jar Chocolate Hazelnut Cake Jar Oreo Cookie Cake Jar. The menu at the Modern Crumb Bakeshop features a variety of baguettes, seasonal focaccias, brioche rolls and braids, and English muffin pullman loaves. She spent five years at Thomas Keller’s Bouchon Bakery in California, working her way up to the role of head baker and locally spent two years as the executive pastry chef for Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem, and worked alongside Chef Lee Chizmar as a pastry chef at his award-winning restaurant Bolete in Salisbury Township. A graduate of the Culinary Institute of America (CIA), Katie has an extensive background working alongside James Beard Award-winning Chef Francisco Migoya, teaching at the CIA, and honing her skills in fine restaurants and bakeries on both the East and West coasts. The Modern Crumb Bakeshop is operated by pastry chef Kathryn Gaffney, of Easton. Our Story Baked Goods Menu Sunday Menu Partners Gift Cards Contact Pastry Case. COUNTER SERVICE, OUTDOOR DINING & CURBSIDE PICKUP Wednesday – Saturday 9 am-5 pm | Sunday 9 am-3 pmĦ10.333.8640 or order online at: Our Story Baked Goods Menu Sunday Menu Partners Gift Cards Contact Open Menu Close Menu. 5/8/2023 0 Comments Lungo vs.espressoThen you have to place it in a filter basket and “tamp” it, which means compressing the grounds just the right amount so that the water doesn’t flow through too quickly or too slowly. One of the many espresso machines we commonly see at coffee shops.įirst you have to grind the coffee to just the right size. How do espresso machines work?Įspresso machines extract coffee the same way-by forcing hot water through finely ground coffee at pressure-but they rely a lot more on you to make it happen. Scientifically, it is exactly the same process as that used by conventional espresso machines. A Nespresso machine punctures holes in the end of the capsule.Ī special valve ensures safety in the event that the pressure becomes dangerously excessive during the brewing process.įorcing water through the coffee grounds at high pressure is what gives Nespresso coffee its real espresso flavor. These are dissolved into the water and forced out the other end of the capsule as coffee. The water’s interaction with the fine coffee grounds extracts flavor compounds. The machine punctures holes in the capsule and then injects the hot water through the capsule at high pressure. It heats only enough for a single serving at a time. The machine pumps water from a reservoir and heats it with a boiler in just a few seconds. They come in standard, decaffeinated and flavored varieties. To use a Nespresso machine, you insert a capsule into the machine. Espresso machines are more about art and craft. Nespresso is all about quickness and convenience. Nespresso machines and espresso machines produce essentially the same beverage. That was enough for Nestlé to announce in July that it was expanding its production center in Switzerland. Sales in Europe decreased-particularly in boutique stories, for obvious reasons-but e-commerce sales grew by 48.9 per cent. Nestlé reported in its half-year results for 2020 that despite the COVID-19 pandemic, Nespresso had seen double-digit growth in North America. Nespresso is by no means the only player, but after getting their start in Europe they are really making inroads in the U.S. Popularity of NespressoĪs you can see, the coffee capsule market is growing quickly: It has convinced many coffee lovers to pivot from their old espresso machines to a Nespresso machine. Nespresso’s convenient system virtually eliminates human error from the espresso-making process. But the newer line of models (known as Vertuoline) can also brew a regular cup of coffee. A Nespresso CitiZ machine with capsules at the ready. The capsules consist of pre-portioned single-use servings and are specially designed for use in Nespresso machines. Our Nespresso machine picksīut what about Nespresso? What is it, and what benefits might it have over a traditional espresso machine? What is Nespresso?Ī Nespresso machine is a type of espresso machine manufactured by the Nestlé Group that brews coffee from hermetically sealed coffee capsules. You might even be considering one to save yourself the daily trip to Starbucks. There is a good chance you are served by one every day when you get your coffee on the way to work. The two words may be separated by only a single letter, but there is a world of difference between the two.Įspresso machines are well-known. Just so you know, as an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases made via bold red links, buttons or images.Įspresso. 5/7/2023 0 Comments Waterfall glen forest preserveThis is the email for the volunteer who runs the camp database. NOTE! The above is not a contact email for information about Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve. If you have questions or comments about this camp database, or wish to submit a correction or request, Once again, we delete your emailĪddress at the same time we add the comment. We do not keep, sell, or giveĪway your email address to anyone. If the administrator has questions about what you wrote, the emailĪddress can be used to contact you. Your email address willīe deleted after the comment is approved by a site administrator. (along with the comment) in a temporary file. If you include your own email address, it will be stored If you need a human response, use the contact information above toĪddress your question to the appropriate folks). The Des Plaines River runs along the south border, and the associated bottomland forest may host breeding Barred Owls and Prothonotary Warblers. (If you have questions about this camp, don't ask them here! Comments simply Nice (small) Youth camp area for two groups with common shelter. We come back every other year for weekend camp, to hike and use the course. Today the Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve has expanded to include prairies, savannas, old quarries for fishing and 740 native plant species nestled in oak. Human remains found by contractors at Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve near Darien on Friday afternoon were determined to be those of Jacob Cefolia, a United Airlines executive who had been reported. Hiking, biking, horseback riding, fishing, etc. Basically, this park surrounds Argonne National Laboratory. This 2,470 acre park has hills, valleys, frontage on the Des Plaines river, totally surrounds Argonne National Laboratories, trails, orienteering course, model airplane field, outdoor education camp, Youth Campground, and nature programs. Anyway, one popular spot that often comes up on my internet searches while looking for places to go is Waterfall Glen forest preserve in DuPage County. Illinois DNR Office of Resource MarketingĬomments for Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve The multi-use, crushed limestone Waterfall Glen Trail encircles the entire park, pausing atop a lofty vista overlooking the Des Plaines River as well as near a gentle waterfall (dart off the main.Champagne Lodge and Luxury Suites Show Prices 268 reviews 16W621 S Frontage Rd, Willowbrook, IL 60527-7078 3. Information for Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve 50 mi from Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve Breakfast included 1. Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve-More information 5/7/2023 0 Comments Anno 1800 mods epic storeIn the end I've "solved" my problem by deleting most of the content of the Epic installation. I guess whenever I run the game, the Epic client runs the executable in its installation directory, but the executable than points to the Uplay install directory. I've ran a couple of tests, and it seems the Epic installation is completely useless with the exception of the executables in the `bin` folder. but behold! If I check my drive, I can see TWO installations (30gb x2!), one for the Epic Store, one for Uplay. At this point, whenever I try to launch the game from the epic client, the game actually starts. again! When I go through the dialog, and start the installation, the game is downloaded (again) and installed (again). Forgot to mention, I didn't have Uplay installed before installing Anno 1800.Īt this point I uninstalled Anno and reinstalled it using the Epic client.Īfter the reinstall, whenever I tried to launch the game, I was shown a different pop up from Uplay, this time asking me to install the game. This happens no matter how many times I try (tried to restart everything multiple times). When I agree to the update, the pop up just closes and the game does not start. Once downloaded, I tried to play the game only to see a pop up show up from the Uplay store saying an update was required. I started the download/installation from the Epic client. Not sure if this is affecting only me: I bought Anno 1800 yesterday from the Epic Store, because on sale, but was unable to play it. 5/7/2023 0 Comments Makemkv uhd drivesBe prepared to go do something else for an hour while you wait. The movie will likely take a while to rip, depending on the size of the movie and the speed of your player. In the right-hand pane, click the folder icon to choose the folder where you want the resulting video to appear, then click the "Make MKV" button. On some drives, you may need to perform one other step. However, if you have a 4K-friendly drive and want to rip a 4K UHD disc, you'll need to open MakeMKV and see if your drive is compatible with 4K discs-again, see the MakeMKV forum (Opens in a new window) for more information. If you're only ripping traditional Blu-rays, that's all you need to do. Install MakeMKV and open the program, then enter the key when prompted (or enter it later under the Help > Register menu). You can purchase a license for $50 (Opens in a new window) if you want to avoid this annoyance. You just need to use the latest beta key (Opens in a new window) whenever it asks you to register, which is about once a month. Technically, it's only free while in beta, but it's been "in beta" for about 10 years. There are other paid programs that offer more features, like DeUHD (Opens in a new window) and AnyDVD (Opens in a new window), but we'll be using MakeMKV for this tutorial, since it's free. MakeMKV (Opens in a new window) is a program for Windows, macOS, and Linux that can rip DVD and Blu-ray discs into the versatile MKV video format. I used an LG WH16NS40 (Opens in a new window) with patched firmware (Opens in a new window) for the most recent version of this guide. You can read the most up-to-date drive for flashing new firmware here (Opens in a new window). This can be a bit nerve-wracking, but I've done it twice without breaking anything, so it can be done. You may have to flash custom firmware (Opens in a new window) or roll back to an older firmware version in order to read those 4K discs. If you already have a Blu-ray drive, you can poke around the MakeMKV forums (Opens in a new window) to see if it's usable for 4K Blu-rays, or you can buy one of their recommended drives. Instead, you will want a regular Blu-ray drive that is considered "4K friendly." Due to their enhanced copy protection, 4K UHD Blu-rays can't be ripped on most 4K Blu-ray drives. If you want to rip 4K UHD Blu-rays, however, your choices are more limited. You can buy an external one (Opens in a new window) that connects over USB, or an internal one (Opens in a new window) for your desktop-either is fine. In order to rip those movies to your PC, you'll need an optical drive in your PC that can read Blu-ray discs-a DVD drive is not enough.
5/7/2023 0 Comments Metro 4 bus schedulePlease contact these organizations directly for assistance if you are interested. The list above is not all-inclusive, but this is a good starting point. LifeLine Support for Affordable Communications Application: LifeLine Support for Affordable Communications Information: (2) Your household income is at or below 135% to 150% of the poverty level according to your state and/or the Federal Poverty Guidelines. (1) You already participate in another state or federal assistance program such as the EBT program, food stamps, public housing, or Medicaid (and others). However, we have found the following programs that assist low- and moderate-income persons with free or reduced phones and service. Also, we are aware that not all patrons have access to smart phones and data plans. For example, we are researching the feasibility of adding USB charging ports to our bus fleet. of the line has been widely criticised because its route was perceived as. Pierce Transit continues to look for new resources to help make transit more convenient. Line 4 (officially: South BudaRkospalota (DBR) Line, Metro 4 or M4, and unofficially. Route alerts by subscription: sign up at /Sta圜onnected.Ĭall (from any phone), or text (from a smart phone) your bus stop number to 253.533.7084 for real-time arrival information.Ĭall Customer Service for assistance at 253.581.8000, option 1, then option 1 again. Transit app: for trip planning and real-time information. Monitors at major boarding hubs, showing real-time arrival information. See how to print a print a bus schedule here. Public website, for complete schedules (to view, download, or print), maps, trip planning, service alerts, and real-time information. The agency now delivers accurate bus information to our riders through multiple channels: Pierce Transit provides free Wi-Fi on buses, and has invested in other technology to help riders access bus information “live,” in real-time. Customers preferring to use paper schedules may print their own from this website- just choose your route, and click “Download Route PDF.” Or, request free printed schedules from our Customer Service department. This change significantly reduced the agency’s use of paper, and eliminated time spent developing and distributing books that became less accurate over the year. This was especially evident when we were forced to change schedules multiple times in response to COVID-19 related effects. The Routes & Schedules book had become a dated resource it led to bus riders referencing obsolete bus schedules, since schedules changed throughout the year. The current pandemic has reinforced our need to become more resilient to essential rider needs by providing the most current information that is available. In September 2021, Pierce Transit moved away from producing Routes and Schedules books, and transitioned to digital resources. Prímo 100 outbound service will pass through several minutes after the line-up buses have departed with connections possible on the assigned Prímo 100 bus stop locations on Commerce and at Centro Plaza.ĭowntown Lineup Guide (Effective Aug.Service Updates Pierce Transit is adjusting service for many bus routes, effective September 18 as follows: with connections possible at Centro Plaza and the assigned Prímo 100 bus stop locations on Dolorosa/Market Street. Prímo 100 inbound service arrives downtown several minutes before the line-up times of 10:30 p.m, 11:30 p.m., and 12:30 a.m. Prímo 100 uses Market and Commerce Streets traversing Downtown and does not pass the line-up staging areas (Travis Park). Metrobus operates on two schedules each year. VIA supervisors and bus operators will be happy to help you locate the bus you need. Because several buses may line up behind each other, it is important to look for your bus anywhere along the block. lineup, the buses will not depart until all lineup service buses have arrived and riders have had a chance to transfer to other buses. buses depart the locations shown on this map of downtown (not necessarily in the order listed).įor the 12:30 a.m. 5/7/2023 0 Comments Aurora backtrackFor a long time, it was only available on Windows, but it’s now available for Linux. SQL Server: SQL Server is an RDBMS developed by Microsoft.It’s most commonly used for web applications and online publishing. It’s highly suitable for accessing databases online and was developed to handle large databases much faster than other solutions developed around the same time. Anyone can download the open-source MySQL software and use it for free. It comes in two forms: the open-source version (MySQL Community Server) and the proprietary version (MySQL Enterprise Edition), which is owned by Oracle. RDS can be used with various engines, while Aurora is a special engine developed for use with RDS. Essentially, the AWS Aurora database is a custom engine for Amazon RDS and is optimized for performance in the cloud.Īurora is compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL, and it’s intended to combine the availability and performance of traditional database engines with the cost-effectiveness and straightforwardness of open source. You can access RDS and Aurora through Amazon Web Services (AWS), but they have slightly different intended uses. Each DB instance runs a DB engine, and with Amazon RDS, you can choose between various DB engines, including Aurora. Amazon Aurora: The fundamental building block of Amazon RDS is called the “DB instance.” A DB instance is a database environment in the cloud, and it can contain multiple databases.It also includes tools to create backups, carry out software patching processes, and set up automatic failure detection and recovery. Instead of bundling CPU, memory, storage, and throughput like a typical server, for example, Amazon RDS allows you to scale each of these features independently and allocate them as necessary. It’s easy to work with and provides more flexibility than managing your own servers. Amazon RDS: Amazon RDS is a managed relational database service capable of taking the stress out of the management tasks you might have to deal with otherwise.What is the Best Relational Database? Common Relational Database Types How to Monitor Relational Database Performance I’ll also look at software like SolarWinds ® Database Performance Analyzer-which is designed to monitor the performance of your databases-to help you decide which relational database is the best for you. Following an overview of each, I’ll compare their performance and pricing. In this guide, I’ll go through four of the major RDBMS types and suitable monitoring solutions: Amazon RDS, Amazon Aurora, MySQL, and SQL Server. No matter which RDBMS you decide to work with, monitoring performance is an indispensable part of ensuring its functionality, reliability, and availability. However, there are several RDBMSs to choose from, and each one is designed with particular use cases in mind and differs in features, pricing, and performance. Actual BehaviorĮrror: error creating RDS cluster: InvalidParameterCombination: Aurora MySQL Engine Version 5.7.12 with mode: PROVISIONED does not support Backtrack.Software developers may use a relational database management system (RDBMS) to create, read, update, and delete back-end data, and they can work with and change these systems with custom SQL statements. The RDS cluster should be created with Backtrack enabled. Terraform AWS Provider - 2.68 Affected Resource(s)Ĭluster_identifier = "matomo- $ " Terraform CLI and Terraform AWS Provider Version If you are interested in working on this issue or have submitted a pull request, please leave a comment.Please do not leave "+1" or other comments that do not add relevant new information or questions, they generate extra noise for issue followers and do not help prioritize the request.Please vote on this issue by adding a □ reaction to the original issue to help the community and maintainers prioritize this request.I will try to open an MR for the documentation update required as currently the Terraform documentation says that Backtrack is only supported on aurora and not aurora-mysql. Sorry - this is not really a great bug report but maybe will help others having this issue. Without specifying the engine version explicitly the engine version defaults to 5.7.12. If I try to create an RDS cluster without specifying the engine version explicitly the creation fails. It's also available for Aurora MySQL 2.06 and higher, which is compatible with MySQL 5.7." "Backtracking is available for Aurora MySQL 1.*, which is compatible with MySQL 5.6. The AWS documentation for RDS backtrack now states that 5/7/2023 0 Comments Spike proteinsAs already noted, the artificial microstructure is produced under significantly off-equilibrium conditions, compared to the near-equilibrium conditions that prevail during assembly of the native protein coat. In tensile tests conducted on dry fibre, the breaking strength is ~ 0.3 GPa, the stiffness ~ 4 GPa, and the elongation to failure ~ 30 % ( Hudson 1997). The uniaxial mechanical properties of fibre spun from genetically engineered analog of spike protein have been disappointing. However, there is no evidence that fibres spun from this material contain trimeric box beams in their hierarchical microstructure ( Gillespie et al. Genetically engineered model polymers based on multiple consecutive copies of the principal repeated sequence in native adenovirus spike protein can self-assemble into fibrillar structures, which in turn can form a liquid crystalline phase in solution ( O’Brien 1993). Hydrophobic bonding is presumed to be important in stabilising their structure, since 70% of the amino acid residues are hydrophobic in representative cases ( Estes and Cohen 1989). There may also be significant intrinsic differences between the architecture of spikes from different types of virus. However, these non-natural fibres are assembled under significantly off-equilibrium conditions, and so cannot be assumed to have the same internal structure as the native material. Attempts have been made to produce simple genetically engineered analogs, and to spin fibres for analysis by microscopy, diffraction or spectroscopy. Typically, dimensions do not exceed a length of 30 nm or a width of 5 nm. Structural characterisation is hampered by the small size of individual spikes. Compressive stiffness in this case is ascribed to opposite twists at the coil and supercoil levels. 1987) describe the spike as having a triad of helices at its core – somewhat like the collagen triple helix, but with a continuous space enclosed between the three molecular helices. Three cross-ß-sheets are thought to interact to form a hollow trimeric box beam ( Figure 8.10) that resists buckling in compression. 1997) and human adenovirus ( Chatellard and Chroboczek 1989 Hoess et al. It is not universally accepted that the structure is based on cross-ß-sheets, although that model is well supported for both rotavirus ( Isa et al. 1987 Delmas and Laude 1990 Stouten et al. 8.2.4.2 Higher-order structure.Ĭontroversy still surrounds the detailed higher order structure of viral spikes, and there appears to be considerable diversity of structure between virus types ( Green et al. 1995 Sikkema 1998 ), the hierarchical structure of spike proteins deserves careful attention. Because compressive strength and stiffness have been a long-term elusive goal of polymer science ( Santhosh et al. Hollow spikes on the capsid fulfil the latter two roles, from which it has been deduced that they must have unusually high strength and stiffness in axial compression ( O’Brien 1993). The structural characteristics of virus coats are highly relevant to virus propagation, and therefore are the subject of intensive study – the coat must protect the nucleic acid (genetic) contents, be resilient against impact, be capable of broaching the outer wall of a target cell, and provide a secure pathway for conducting nucleic acid into the target. An analogy is provided by the “do loops” used in computer programming. The relatively small amount of genetic information stored in a virus means that simple and / or repeated motifs occur in the protein that makes up the surrounding capsid (coat). Emily Renuart, Christopher Viney, in Pergamon Materials Series, 2000 8.2.4 Viral spike protein |